Rendering a scene with a very wide FOV

Yeah, this is possible. Panda3D does have a system built-in for this, the NonlinearImager, check this post for a code example:

However, it is fairly complex to set up, and the documentation is relatively sparse, so it may be easier to set up a render-to-texture setup with a cube map texture, and create your own geometry or shader to transform this into your desired configuration.